1. Luekocyte esterase is sensitive and implies presence of WBC, nitrites are specific and imply presence of nitrate-reductase containing bacteria, like e.coli; gram positives (like stap) saprophyticus_ do not contain nitrate reductase
2. Lactose fermenting bugs: 
- E.Coli
- Klebsiella
Pesudomonas is non-lactose-fermenting: this is important because you'll often get whether or not it is lactose fermenting long before you get speciation data from the lab-- if it's a GNR and non-lactose fermenting you should start antipseudomonal coverage
3. Management of acute MS flare: 
- No role for IVIg shown in RCT
- +Role for plasmapharesis that is non-responsive to IV steroids
- Manage with IV methylprednisolone as it is slightly more effective than PO
4. Acute rise in bilirubin in Hep C patient on ribavirin - hemolytic anemia.
5. Hand foot and mouth disease - cocsackie A or enterovirus 571
6. Sweet's syndrome (aka acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis): sudden onset fever, leukocytosis, tender papules and plaques - bx shows neutrophilic granulocytes.
7. Kaposi's sarcoma - not true sarcomas, as sarcoma implies tumor of mesenchymal origin; while KS is a tumor of endothelial cells and lymphatic tissues associated with endothelium.
8. Terri's nails - nails appear white, with ground glass appearance, and no lunula - suggestive of systemic diseasae (nonspecific). Can be seen in
- Severe liver disease (up to 80% of patients)
- Cirrhosis
- DM
- Hyperthyroidism
- Malnutrition
- CHF
Believed to be due to decreased vascularity and increased connective tissue in nailbed.
9. ANCA-associated vasculidities: GPA/wegener's, MPA, Churg strauss:
- small to medium vessel vasculidities
- pauci-immune necrotizing GN
- lung + renal involvement
10. ANCAs 
- C-ANCA - very sensitive and specific for wegner's; associated with PR3 antibodies (when you apply these you tend to see a cytoplasmic staining pattern - hence C-ANCA)
- p-ANCA is not as specific and can be seen in many other diseases, including PAN, IBD, RA. Associated with MPO antibodies (when you apply these you see a perinuclear staining pattern - hence p-ANCA)