1. Risk factors for newborn respiratory distress 
- Prematurity
- Male sex
- Perinatal asphyxia
- Maternal DM - maternal hyperglycemia -> fetal hyperglycemia -> fetal hyperinsulinism -> insulin antagonizes cortisol and blocks maturation of sphingomyelin (component of surfactant)
- C-section without labor
- Prevent with antenatal steroids, treat with postnatal surfactant administration
2. Pill esophagitis: 
- Tetracyclines
- Bisphosphonates
- NSAIDs
- KCl
3. Platelet dysfunction: 
- Bernard Soulier: big platelets, mild thrombocytopenia, severe platelet dysfunction, bleeding out of proportion to thrombocytopenia
- Hypersplenism: platelets are usually > 30K, and patients don't have clinically significant bleeding
4. When to transfuse platelets: 
- <10K
- <30K if bleeding
- <50K if need surgery
- <100K if need neurosurgery***, DIC, intracranial bleed***
***these are the hematology guidelines... if someone is getting neurosurgery or bleeding into their head you should consult neurosurgery regarding platelet transfusion parameters***
5. ATN:
- Urine osm 300-350 (not <300)
- Urine Na>20 mEq/L
- FeNa > 2%
6. Renal casts: 
- Muddy brown : ATN
- RBC: nephritic
- WBC: pyelo, interstitial nephritis
- Fatty: nephrotic
- Broad/waxy: chronic renal failure
7. Grading of diabetic foot ulcers: 
- Grade 0: high risk foot, no ulcer
- Grade 1: full thickness skin ulcer
- Grade 2: ulcer penetrates to ligament/muscle, not not to bone, no abscess
- Grade 3: ulcer with abscess, osteo, or cellulitis
- Grade 4: local gangrene
- Grade 5: gangrene involving entire foot
8. Management of diabetic foot ulcers: 
- General principles: off-loading, debridement, wound dressings, antibiotics, revascularization, amputation
- Grade 1/2: wound care, debridement
- Grade 3: hospitalization, debridement, biopsy/cx of whatever tissue is affected, IV antibiotics,
- Grade 4/5: hospitalization, possible amputation.
9. HTN + hypokalemia = suspect primary aldosteronism
- First, measure plasma aldo:renin ratio; any ratio > 20:1 + plasma aldo > 15 = primary hyperaldo
- Then do adrenal suppression tests - if suppressible, image to find tumor.
- If imaging shows no tumor, adrenal venous sampling to differentiate adenoma (unilateral) from hyperplasia (bilateral)
- Adenoma gets surgery, hyperplasia gets medicine.
10. Lymphadenopathy: 
- <1cm, rubbery = non concerning, likely reaction to infection, no treatment
- >2cm, firm, immobile = work up for cancer vs granulomatous disease.