1. Dengue vs malaria: 
- Dengue transmitted by aedes mosquito (bites during the day), malaria by anopheles mosquito (bites at night)
- Dengue much more likely to have a maculopapular rash (50% of time), malaria much less likely (5-10%)
- Dengue can present with red eyes
- 98% of the time, dengue is a self-limiting illness that resolves on its own. Treatment is supportive.
- In people who have had prior exposure to a different strain of dengue, re-infection can cause dengue shock or dengue hemorrhagic fever -- this is why it is so hard to develop a vaccine.
2. Typhoid 
- Fecal-oral transmission
- 1-3 week latency period
- Fevers, constitutional symptoms, leukopenia, mildly elevated liver enzymes
- "Rose spots" rash on trunk 2 weeks out
- treat with 3gen cephalosporin (preferred), azithro, fluroquinolone (resistance)
3. Eschar at site of tick bite - rickettsial disease
4. GLP-1 agonists: 
- I.e exenatide (byetta) which is qD injection, there's also a once-weekly injection (bydurion)
- Liraglutide
- Increase insulin secretion
- Decrease glucagon secretion
- Decrease gastric emptying - through this, causes weight loss
- Works in glucose-dependent manner, so they don't cause hyperglycemia
- Cons: Injectable only, $$$$
5. DPP-IV inhibitors: 
- inhibit DPP-IV which breaks down GLP-1
- Sitagliptin (Januvia)
- pros: PO formulation
- cons: do not cause weight loss like GLP-1 agonists do
6. DDx Hyperthyroidism: 
- Grave's disease
- Functional nodule
- Toxic multinodular goiter
- Thyroditis
- Early stage hashimoto's
- Iodine-induced (jod-basedow effect): from amiodarone or contrast! This does NOT happen with large quantities of iodine ingestion in a normal person, but rather in modest iodine ingestion from someone with a thryoid gland who is no longer under negative feedback control from the pituitary - i.e. grave's disease, toxic multnodular goiter, thyroid adenoma, endemic goiter. Many people with Jod-basedow will have anti-TPO antibodies or TTA antibodies. The wolff-chaikoff effect is the opposite - hypothyroidism from ingestion of large quantity of iodine, can happen in normal people as well.
- Struma ovarii
7. Grave's disease - can just present with isolated eye complaints without exopthalmos
8. Sulfonylureas
- Glyburide interferes with ischemic preconditioning and is associated with a increased risk of CV disease - affects K/ATP channels in the heart as well as in beta cells
- Glipizide or glimeperide doesn't have the same effect
9. Secretory diarrhea causes: 
- Bile salt induced (s/p chole)
- Eosinophilic gastroenteritis
- Microscopic colitis
- Cholera
10. Stool osmotic gap: 
290 - 2 (stool Na + Stool K)
If >100, implies osmotic