1. Urine pH and kidney stones: 
- <5 : uric acid (treat with alkalinizing agents) - pure uric acid stones radiolucent
- 5-7 : ca-oxalate - radio-opaque
- 7-8 : struvite - radio-opaque
2. B-OH butyrate not detected in dipstick 
3. Mechanism of thromobcytopenia in chronic hep C infection: If cirrhotic - splenic sequestration
If no cirrhosis (and these mechanisms probably have a role in cirrhotic hep C thrombocytopenia as well)
- Thrombopoetin decreased
- Direct HCV virus infection of megakaryocytes
- Autoimmune (HCV falls onto platelet, you make antibodies against HCV-platelet epitope, platelets get tagged and taken up by spleen)
- Interferon therapy can cause thrombocytopenia
4. "Corkscrew esopahgus" = diffuse esophageal spasm
5. Rule out acute upper GI bleed  
- NG tube placement NOT sensitive test. Will miss up to 20% of acute GI bleed. Especially true if you don't see bile in the aspirate.
- Endoscopy is the gold standard, can be performed so long as INR < 3
6. Treatment for IBD
- 5-ASA aka mesalamine for UC and mild crohn's
- For new onset moderate to severe crohn's, use anti-TNFa +/- immunomodulator like azathioprine (imuron) or 6-MP
7. Low threshold for starting SSRI in chronic illness patients who meet MDD criteria
8. Malingering = secondary gain, vs factitious disorder = sick role.
9. Management of pulmonary hemorrhage
- Bronch (can intervene with balloon tamponade or electrocautery)
- If bronch cannot locate the source, pulmonary arteriography for embolization
- If the above two fail to control bleed and bleeding is unilateral, can go to OR for thoracotomy
10. Rotavirus vaccine has small risk of intussusception - contraindicated in patients with history. Live attenuated vaccine - contraindicated in pregnant women but not their household members, CI in severe illness but not mild.