Tuesday, January 7, 2014

1. Guidelines for choice of SSRI in depression. (abstract of similar paper from same group)
2. Bipolar vs borderline personality: diagnosis. & treatment
3Adverse effects of antipsychotic medications
4. From wikipedia:
Millon's brief description of personality disorders[22]
Type of personality disorderDescription
ParanoidGuarded, defensive, distrustful and suspiciousness. Hypervigilant to the motives of others to undermine or do harm. Always seeking confirmatory evidence of hidden schemes. Feels righteous, but persecuted.
SchizoidApathetic, indifferent, remote, solitary, distant, humorless. Neither desires nor needs human attachments. Withdrawal from relationships and prefer to be alone. Little interest in others, often seen as a loner. Minimal awareness of feelings of self or others. Few drives or ambitions, if any.
SchizotypalEccentric, self-estranged, bizarre, absent. Exhibits peculiar mannerisms and behaviors. Thinks can read thoughts of others. Preoccupied with odd daydreams and beliefs. Blurs line between reality and fantasy. Magical thinking and strange beliefs.
AntisocialImpulsive, irresponsible, deviant, unruly. Acts without due consideration. Meets social obligations only when self-serving. Disrespects societal customs, rules, and standards. Sees self as free and independent.
BorderlineUnpredictable, manipulative, unstable. Frantically fears abandonment and isolation. Experiences rapidly fluctuating moods. Shifts rapidly between loving and hating. Sees self and others alternatively as all-good and all-bad. Unstable and frequently changing moods.
HistrionicDramatic, seductive, shallow, stimulus-seeking, vain. Overreacts to minor events. Exhibitionistic as a means of securing attention and favors. Sees self as attractive and charming. Constant seeking for others' attention.
NarcissisticEgotistical, arrogant, grandiose, insouciant. Preoccupied with fantasies of success, beauty, or achievement. Sees self as admirable and superior, and therefore entitled to special treatment.
AvoidantHesitant, self-conscious, embarrassed, anxious. Tense in social situations due to fear of rejection. Plagued by constant performance anxiety. Sees self as inept, inferior, or unappealing. Feels alone and empty.
DependentHelpless, incompetent, submissive, immature. Withdraws from adult responsibilities. Sees self as weak or fragile. Seeks constant reassurance from stronger figures.
Obsessive–compulsiveRestrained, conscientious, respectful, rigid. Maintains a rule-bound lifestyle. Adheres closely to social conventions. Sees the world in terms of regulations and hierarchies. Sees self as devoted, reliable, efficient, and productive.
DepressiveSomber, discouraged, pessimistic, brooding, fatalistic. Presents self as vulnerable and abandoned. Feels valueless, guilty, and impotent. Judges self as worthy only of criticism and contempt.
Passive–aggressive (Negativistic)Resentful, contrary, skeptical, discontented. Resists fulfilling others’ expectations. Deliberately inefficient. Vents anger indirectly by undermining others’ goals. Alternately moody and irritable, then sullen and withdrawn.
SadisticExplosively hostile, abrasive, cruel, dogmatic. Liable to sudden outbursts of rage. Feels selfsatisfied through dominating, intimidating and humiliating others. Is opinionated and close-minded.
Self-defeating (Masochistic)Deferential, pleasure-phobic, servile, blameful, self-effacing. Encourages others to take advantage. Deliberately defeats own achievements. Seeks condemning or mistreatful partners.
5. Which psychotropics carry the greatest risk of QTc prolongation?
6CIWA paper
7. Inpatient management of alcohol withdrawal
8Evaluation and management of delirium in hospitalized older patients.
9. Delirium:
--Drugs that precipitate: opiates, steroids, GABAergics/benzos. Anticholinergics! (i.e. benadryl). Drugs with high anticholinergic potential, like theophylline, digoxin, furosemide, nifedepine. Some antibiotics.
--Can be precipitated by sleep deprivation, long term mechanical ventiliation, changes in immune function or endogenous cortisol levels.
--Dx: requires 1 AND 2, plus either 3 or 4: (1) acute & fluctuating course (collateral/serial MMSE),  (2) inattention, distracted, can't focus on conversation. (3) disorganized thinking: rambling, illogical flow of ideas (4) altered LOC: increased (hypervilgilant) or decreased (drowsy to comatose)
-Non-pharm tx: correct malnutrition, dehydration, electrolytes. Remove immobilizing devices/isolation, correct sensory deficits, promote normal circadian light rhythm.
-Pharm tx principles: no silver bullets, nothing FDA approved. Use one drug at a time, avoid sedatives (avoid benzos unless its w/d) and antipsychotics and tricyclics, tirate up, d/c 7-10 days after symptom resolution.
10. Drugs for delirium:
--Haldol: IVP (more reliable absorption, less EPS, peak effect 20 min). IM decanoate for chronic use. PO (peak in 4-6 hrs). Dose 0.25-10mg q2-12 hrs or PRN. No more than 20mg IM qd. No renal adjustment. Adjust in hepatic and elderly. CI in NMS, parkinson's, lewy body dementia. Highest EPS frequency (22% in RCT). IV haldol: relatively high risk of torsades and QTc compared to other drugs and compared to IM/PO, so follow QTc with baseline and daily EKG; measure QTc corrected for K and Mg. Avoid combining with other drugs that increase QTc (see below) or inhibit cyp3A4. D/c if QTc increases by 25% of baseline or is >500 msec.
--Olanzapine: IM, PO, ODT (zydis), long-acting IM (relprevv) for chronic use. Dose range: 2.5 to 10mg up to q2 hrs. Max dose 40 mg qd. No adjustment for renal impairment, not removed by dialysis, no adjustment for hepatic. Adjust for elderly. Most common side effects: orthostatic hypotension, somnolence (has antihistaminergic activity). Can also cause obesity and metabolic syndrome.
--Risperidone: PO, M-tab, oral solution. IM (Consta) depot, not for acute use. Dose range 0.25 to 1mg, q6 to q24. Max dose 8mg. Adjust down for renal, hepatic, elderly. Side effects: orthostatic hypotension, reflex tachycardia.
--Quetiapine (Seroquel): PO only. Seroquel XR for chronic use. Dose: 6.25 to 100 mg, qHS to TID, usually start dose at 25mg. No adjustment for renal, adjust for hepatic and elderly. Side effects: orthostatic hypotension, somnolence. Rarely QTc prolongation.
--Aripiprazole: possible role in hypoactive delirum
--Dont use clozapine or ziprazidone (high risk QTc)
--Excellent review paper of current trials of antipsychotics in the treatment of delirium (haldol vs resperidone vs olanzapine vs quetiapine: all about 70-80% response rate, quetiapine best)
--Drugs that increase QTc: class 1 (Na channel blockers) and 3 (K channel blockers- sotolol/amiodarone) antiarrhythmics, macrolide and quinolone antibiotics, antifungals, tamoxifen, furosemide.
--Non antipsychotics: acetycholinesterase inhibitors (donezepil, galantamine, rivastigmine), serotonin antagonist (zofran), trazodone (only uncontrolled studies, 25-100 mg qHS), valproic acid (250mg PO BID, plastma conc 50-100mg/L, case reports), benzos (go-to drug in ETOH and sedative-hypnotic w/d delirium, adjunct if people can't tolerate antipsychotics, palliative role)
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