2. Bipolar vs borderline personality: diagnosis. & treatment
3. Adverse effects of antipsychotic medications
4. From wikipedia:
Millon's brief description of personality disorders[22] | |
---|---|
Type of personality disorder | Description |
Paranoid | Guarded, defensive, distrustful and suspiciousness. Hypervigilant to the motives of others to undermine or do harm. Always seeking confirmatory evidence of hidden schemes. Feels righteous, but persecuted. |
Schizoid | Apathetic, indifferent, remote, solitary, distant, humorless. Neither desires nor needs human attachments. Withdrawal from relationships and prefer to be alone. Little interest in others, often seen as a loner. Minimal awareness of feelings of self or others. Few drives or ambitions, if any. |
Schizotypal | Eccentric, self-estranged, bizarre, absent. Exhibits peculiar mannerisms and behaviors. Thinks can read thoughts of others. Preoccupied with odd daydreams and beliefs. Blurs line between reality and fantasy. Magical thinking and strange beliefs. |
Antisocial | Impulsive, irresponsible, deviant, unruly. Acts without due consideration. Meets social obligations only when self-serving. Disrespects societal customs, rules, and standards. Sees self as free and independent. |
Borderline | Unpredictable, manipulative, unstable. Frantically fears abandonment and isolation. Experiences rapidly fluctuating moods. Shifts rapidly between loving and hating. Sees self and others alternatively as all-good and all-bad. Unstable and frequently changing moods. |
Histrionic | Dramatic, seductive, shallow, stimulus-seeking, vain. Overreacts to minor events. Exhibitionistic as a means of securing attention and favors. Sees self as attractive and charming. Constant seeking for others' attention. |
Narcissistic | Egotistical, arrogant, grandiose, insouciant. Preoccupied with fantasies of success, beauty, or achievement. Sees self as admirable and superior, and therefore entitled to special treatment. |
Avoidant | Hesitant, self-conscious, embarrassed, anxious. Tense in social situations due to fear of rejection. Plagued by constant performance anxiety. Sees self as inept, inferior, or unappealing. Feels alone and empty. |
Dependent | Helpless, incompetent, submissive, immature. Withdraws from adult responsibilities. Sees self as weak or fragile. Seeks constant reassurance from stronger figures. |
Obsessive–compulsive | Restrained, conscientious, respectful, rigid. Maintains a rule-bound lifestyle. Adheres closely to social conventions. Sees the world in terms of regulations and hierarchies. Sees self as devoted, reliable, efficient, and productive. |
Depressive | Somber, discouraged, pessimistic, brooding, fatalistic. Presents self as vulnerable and abandoned. Feels valueless, guilty, and impotent. Judges self as worthy only of criticism and contempt. |
Passive–aggressive (Negativistic) | Resentful, contrary, skeptical, discontented. Resists fulfilling others’ expectations. Deliberately inefficient. Vents anger indirectly by undermining others’ goals. Alternately moody and irritable, then sullen and withdrawn. |
Sadistic | Explosively hostile, abrasive, cruel, dogmatic. Liable to sudden outbursts of rage. Feels selfsatisfied through dominating, intimidating and humiliating others. Is opinionated and close-minded. |
Self-defeating (Masochistic) | Deferential, pleasure-phobic, servile, blameful, self-effacing. Encourages others to take advantage. Deliberately defeats own achievements. Seeks condemning or mistreatful partners. |
6. CIWA paper
7. Inpatient management of alcohol withdrawal
8. Evaluation and management of delirium in hospitalized older patients.
9. Delirium:
--Drugs that precipitate: opiates, steroids, GABAergics/benzos. Anticholinergics! (i.e. benadryl). Drugs with high anticholinergic potential, like theophylline, digoxin, furosemide, nifedepine. Some antibiotics.
--Can be precipitated by sleep deprivation, long term mechanical ventiliation, changes in immune function or endogenous cortisol levels.
--Dx: requires 1 AND 2, plus either 3 or 4: (1) acute & fluctuating course (collateral/serial MMSE), (2) inattention, distracted, can't focus on conversation. (3) disorganized thinking: rambling, illogical flow of ideas (4) altered LOC: increased (hypervilgilant) or decreased (drowsy to comatose)
-Non-pharm tx: correct malnutrition, dehydration, electrolytes. Remove immobilizing devices/isolation, correct sensory deficits, promote normal circadian light rhythm.
-Pharm tx principles: no silver bullets, nothing FDA approved. Use one drug at a time, avoid sedatives (avoid benzos unless its w/d) and antipsychotics and tricyclics, tirate up, d/c 7-10 days after symptom resolution.
10. Drugs for delirium:
--Haldol: IVP (more reliable absorption, less EPS, peak effect 20 min). IM decanoate for chronic use. PO (peak in 4-6 hrs). Dose 0.25-10mg q2-12 hrs or PRN. No more than 20mg IM qd. No renal adjustment. Adjust in hepatic and elderly. CI in NMS, parkinson's, lewy body dementia. Highest EPS frequency (22% in RCT). IV haldol: relatively high risk of torsades and QTc compared to other drugs and compared to IM/PO, so follow QTc with baseline and daily EKG; measure QTc corrected for K and Mg. Avoid combining with other drugs that increase QTc (see below) or inhibit cyp3A4. D/c if QTc increases by 25% of baseline or is >500 msec.
--Olanzapine: IM, PO, ODT (zydis), long-acting IM (relprevv) for chronic use. Dose range: 2.5 to 10mg up to q2 hrs. Max dose 40 mg qd. No adjustment for renal impairment, not removed by dialysis, no adjustment for hepatic. Adjust for elderly. Most common side effects: orthostatic hypotension, somnolence (has antihistaminergic activity). Can also cause obesity and metabolic syndrome.
--Risperidone: PO, M-tab, oral solution. IM (Consta) depot, not for acute use. Dose range 0.25 to 1mg, q6 to q24. Max dose 8mg. Adjust down for renal, hepatic, elderly. Side effects: orthostatic hypotension, reflex tachycardia.
--Quetiapine (Seroquel): PO only. Seroquel XR for chronic use. Dose: 6.25 to 100 mg, qHS to TID, usually start dose at 25mg. No adjustment for renal, adjust for hepatic and elderly. Side effects: orthostatic hypotension, somnolence. Rarely QTc prolongation.
--Aripiprazole: possible role in hypoactive delirum
--Dont use clozapine or ziprazidone (high risk QTc)
--Excellent review paper of current trials of antipsychotics in the treatment of delirium (haldol vs resperidone vs olanzapine vs quetiapine: all about 70-80% response rate, quetiapine best)
--Drugs that increase QTc: class 1 (Na channel blockers) and 3 (K channel blockers- sotolol/amiodarone) antiarrhythmics, macrolide and quinolone antibiotics, antifungals, tamoxifen, furosemide.
--Non antipsychotics: acetycholinesterase inhibitors (donezepil, galantamine, rivastigmine), serotonin antagonist (zofran), trazodone (only uncontrolled studies, 25-100 mg qHS), valproic acid (250mg PO BID, plastma conc 50-100mg/L, case reports), benzos (go-to drug in ETOH and sedative-hypnotic w/d delirium, adjunct if people can't tolerate antipsychotics, palliative role)
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