1. Mature defense mechanisms: healthy and adaptive, seen in normal adults: 
-Altruism
-Humor
-Sublimation: channels impulses into productive tasks (taking out aggression in exercise)
-Suppression: put aside feelings temporarily to achieve a task.
2. Neurotic defense mechanisms: seen in OCD, hysteria, adults under stress. 
-Displacement: transferring negative emotions to someone else (someone upsets you, you take out your anger on someone else)
-Controlling: controlling events/situation around you to relieve anxiety
-Intellectualization: hide from the truth by burying yourself in facts/data, focusing on irrelevant details or inanimate objects.
-Rationalization
-Isolation of affect: unconsciously limiting feelings/distancing yourself from the event-- i.e. talking about a stressful event without emotion.
-Reaction formation: outwardly doing the opposite of what you actually feel-- i.e. insulting someone you're in love with, outwardly hating something that you think you are.
-Repression: relegating a feeling to the unconscious (suppression is a conscious act, repression is unconscious)
-Splitting
3. Immature defense mechansisms: used by children, adolescents, and psychotic people.
-Acting out-- throwing a tantrum, giving in to impulses
-Denial
-Regression-- regressing to a childish state
-Projection-- attributing your own unacceptable thoughts to others.
4. Psychoanalysis: bringing repressed thoughts and feelings to the surface. Freudian, patient on the couch with therapist out of view, "tell me about your mother". Sessions occur 4-5x a week for years. Techniques:
-Free association: patients says whatever comes to mind, to bring thoughts from unconscious
-Dream interpretation: dreams represent conflict between urges and fears.
-Transference: projection of unconscious feelings about important figures in your life onto the therapist, to interpret findings.
-Countertransference: therapist projects onto patient, must be wary of this.
5. Variants of psychoanalysis:
-Psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy/brief dynamic psychotherapy: same as psychotherapy, but shorter, weekly sessions from 6-18 mos, face-to-face.
-Interpersonal therapy: work on developing social skills, weekly sessions for 3-6 months.
-Supportive psychotherapy: help patient feel better during a hard time, treatment focuses on empathy and understanding, builds up healthy defenses, dependency encouraged.
6. Behavioral therapy: treat psych illnesses by changing maladaptive behaviors and replacing them with better habits. Grounded in conditioning and deconditioning.
-Classical conditioning: stimulus can evoke a conditioned response (pavlov's dog)
-Operant conditioning: behaviors enforced with positive or negative reinforcement- pressing a lever for food.
-Systematic desensitization: slowly exposed to a increasing amounts of anxiety provoking stimulus with relaxation techniques
-Flooding and implosion: immediately fully exposed to anxiety provoking stimulus (flooding) or imagining being exposed to anxiety provoking stimulus (implosion) while teaching relaxation techniques and not allowing the patient to retreat. I.e making them get on a plane and not letting them off.
-Aversion therapy: pair addiction with negative stimulus
-Token economy: rewards for specific behaviors (i.e. showering for mentally retarded individuals)
-Biofeedback: giving patient feedback about HR and BP to facilitate patient control of VS; commonly used to treat migraines, chronic pain.
7. Cognitive therapy: used to correct faulty assumptions, destructive/maladaptive thought patterns. Used to treat anxiety and mood disorders. Can also be used for paranoid personality disorder, OCD, somatoform disorders, eating disorders.
8. Group therapy: 
-Can use any type of therapy. Can be done without a leader.
-Good for substance abuse, adjustment disorders, personality disorders.
9. Excessive daytime sleepiness vs fatigue: EDS involves falling asleep when you don't want to (while driving, etc), fatigue is being too tired to complete activities. EDS is common with OSA, narcolepsy
10. Competence and capacity: competence is a legal term that can only be used by a judge, capacity is a clinical diagnosis made by physicians. Decisional capacity is task specific-- someone may have it for one decision, but not for another.
Assessment of capacity: (patient must fulfill a 4 criteria)
-Can clearly and logically communicate their thoughts/wishes
-Understand the situation/intervention, indication, benefits, costs, alternatives, and can explain them back to you
-Understand the ramifications of the action/inaction on their life, their values.
-Can logically manipulate information and reach logical conclusions.